Regular Expressions

This article is an introduction to an extremely powerful tool available to any programmer, Regular Expressions.

Testing

• The easiest way to test regular expressions (PCRE style) is probably to use Perl directly like this.

echo "input" | perl -n -e '/regexpHere/ and print'

• You can also use grep but it does not support PCRE syntax natively (GNU grep has the -P switch which does).

Operators

• ^ represents the start of the string to search, or a newline in multiline mode. It is optional. Note that if you use syntax such as '^.*', you can just remove it altogether: it's better just not to use ^ in this case.
• $ delimits the end of the string or just before the newline in multiline mode. It is optional.
• *? is the non-greedy operator, it will match as little text as possible. +?, ??, or {m,n}? are also available.
• ? allows to match optionally only one expression. It should be put after the expression, eg ab? will match either a or ab.

Regular expressions in Python

Official documentation available here.

Basic Operations

You can perform two basic operations: search and match. In Perl, search is always used.

• match(): Determine if the RE matches at the beginning of the string.
• search(): Scan through a string, looking for any location where this RE matches.

Groups

In a regular expression, we often want to extract a particular piece of information from a string. We need to enclose the relevant "sub expression" in parenthesis. In Python, we can then refer to this group by its number, or, if we add ?P<name> to the group, by its name. To create a group which will not be available later for retrieval, write (?:expression).

• Example:
  • regular_expression = re.compile(r"&price=(?P<Price>.*)&quantity=(?P<Quantity>.*)")
  • math_object = regular_expression.search(query_string)
  • We could access the price value by math_object.group(1) or math_object.group('Price'). For the quantity, it would be group(2) or group('Quantity').

Regular expressions in Java

• Documentation for the Pattern and Matcher classes.

• The matches() method of the Matcher class is similar to match() in Python; find() is similar to search().

Regular expressions in Groovy

• Documentation.

• Groovy has the following shortcuts:
  • ==~ for matches().
  • =~ for creating a matcher. The matcher is coerced to a Boolean via its find() method, thus you can write stuff like

if ("hello" =~ /hel/)

• A pattern can be directly created via ~/foo/.