Bash Scripting: Difference between revisions

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** append with command a;
** append with command a;
** use multiline strings if needed, with the standard Bash mechanism;
** use multiline strings if needed, with the standard Bash mechanism;
** search and replace a string by another (command g);
** search and replace a string by another (command g); '''be careful with this:''' you cannot output to the same file you read from, it will produce a blank file!
** use several replacements on one line. In this case you need to add the option -e to all changes (else sed will only take one argument for replacement). Example:
** use several replacements on one line. In this case you need to add the option -e to all changes (else sed will only take one argument for replacement). Example:
<pre>
<pre>

Revision as of 04:09, 8 April 2010

General

Command Line arguments conventions

  • Long options are represented by two starting hyphens. Long options and short options should be provided before any other arguments.

Subshell

  • To launch a command in a subshell, use (). It's usually used with $(), since that allows a variable to capture stdout of the launched process. Note that using backticks is deprecated.
  • Note that using $() will trim newlines at the end of commands!

Standard Input / Output

  • "<<<" can be used to feed a string as standard input.

Debugging

  • set -x can be very useful for debugging Bash scripts. set +x returns to normal mode.

String Manipulations

  • To replace all substrings by another, use the following syntax:
echo ${stringZ//abc/xyz}

This would replace all occurences of abc in stringZ by xyz. The following replaces only the first match:

echo ${stringZ/abc/xyz}

To replace something at the end of a string, use:

echo ${stringZ/%abc/XYZ}

Heredocs

  • You can use << to start a heredoc. You must supply a limit string (EOF for instance). Note that you can still indent the heredoc; in this case use <<- which will strip the leading tabs of every line.
  • You can use expansion inside a heredoc (via $) and even expand inside an arithmetic context: $(( )).
  • You don't need to quote variables inside heredocs to preserve special characters like newlines. You actually should not quote as the " symbol is then present into the heredoc (which of course you don't want).

printf

  • printf can be very useful when you need to insert newlines into strings. Example:
printf -v deleteCommand "%sd\n%d\n" "${deleteCommand}" "${i}"
  • The -v option stores the result into a variable.

Built-ins

  • The exec built-in allows you to start a process with the same pid as the current Bash process id. This can be useful sometimes; the new process takes the pid of the old one.

Control structures

Loops

  • To easily loop over all the files in a directory, you can just use parameter expansion:
for file in *; do echo $file; done
  • C style loops are possible:
for ((i=1; i <= partitionsNumber; ++i))

Tests

  • The then keyword is mandatory after if / fi.
  • [ is not a keyword but a command (a program!). It is recommended to use [[ in tests which is a keyword.
  • Note that [[ myVariable ]] will output true even if myVariable is equal to 0. The test must be explicit.
  • After [[ and ]] there must be a space character.

General

  • -eq is used for checking equality, -neq for the contrary.
  • -n checks if a string is not empty, -z if it is empty.

Strings

  • "==" can be used inside [[ to check for string equality.

Arithmetic Context

  • "!=" can be used inside (( )).

Files

Variables and parameters

Special Symbols

  • "$@" expands to all command-line parameters.
  • "\n" in a variable does not necessarily works as expected. Eg, no newline is created.
  • \ before a newline actually escapes the newline. Thus, you can create multi-line strings or commands just by terminating a line with the \ symbol.
  • Positional parameters can be accessed with $1, $2 etc. You only need brackets {} after the 9th parameter ("${10}").

Quoting

  • If you need to expand special characters such as *, you cannot quote. Don't forget that you can quote partially.
  • Always try to quote, as if you don't quote newlines for instance are changed to whitespaces. An exception is in heredocs, as the doublequotes will stay in the heredoc.
  • Use single quotes rather than double quotes, especially in sed. If you use double quotes, the \ itself won't be taken as a \ for escaping, thus causing problems.
  • If you write \ and then a newline, the newline will be escaped which allows you to write multiline strings.
  • Bash has a special quoting mode for strings: $'my literal string'. This will allow newlines to be inserted using "\n", but you cannot use variable expansion.

Expansion

  • The shell expands stuff like aaa* as soon as it sees this expression. Thus if you define a custom function myFunc(), and call it like that:
myFunc stuff*

If there are two files stuff1 and stuff2 in the current directory, $1 and $2 will be set to stuff1 and stuff2. Even if they are quoted ("$1", "$2") since the expansion took place before.

  • If you write a command like:
MYVAR="35" echo ${MYVAR}

the output is not the expected 35. This is because MYVAR expansion happens before echo is launched with the MYVAR variable set on the environment.

Parameters

  • Parameters can be "moved" using the shift keyword, which can be very useful when parsing all parameters given to a script. Warning however: if you use shift 2 for instance and there is only one parameter, this will silently fail and not move anything at all.

Arrays

  • The length of an array can be obtained via "${#array[@]}".

Arithmetic context

  • When within double parenthesis (( )) or after the let keyword, Bash enters arithmetic context. You don't need to quote variables or precede them with a $ sign. Tests also work as expected, eg more like in their C counterpart. For example,
if (( myVariable )) 

will return false if myVariable is equal to 0.

  • Arithmetic context also applies when in an array [].

Functions

  • Functions must be declared before they are called. You call a function without the () (eg., just the function name).
  • The local keyword declares a variable local to a function; if you wish to declare several local variables, just separate them with spaces (not commas).

Command Line Utilities

  • sdiff -s will generate a formatted output of the differences between two files. Very useful.

sed

  • sed is a stream editor (help here). It is extremely powerful and can do almost everything under the sun. It can:
    • delete a line with command d;
    • append with command a;
    • use multiline strings if needed, with the standard Bash mechanism;
    • search and replace a string by another (command g); be careful with this: you cannot output to the same file you read from, it will produce a blank file!
    • use several replacements on one line. In this case you need to add the option -e to all changes (else sed will only take one argument for replacement). Example:
sed -e "/dir=\"plugins\/org.eclipse.jdt.apt.pluggable.core\"/d" \
	-e "/dir=\"plugins\/org.eclipse.jdt.compiler.apt/d" \
	-e "/dir=\"plugins\/org.eclipse.jdt.compiler.tool\"/d" \
  • With the \1 option, you can use sed to search in a string relatively simply. It outputs the result of the group in the regular expression:
ifconfig eth0 | grep "inet addr" | sed "s/.*inet addr:\([0-9\.]*\).*/\1/"
  • sed can handle multiple lines (a complete file), but it does not seem very easy, so in this case another tool is probably better.

grep

  • grep is normally used on lines (via stdin), but it can also be used for files if given as arguments. If you use the -l switch, the normal output is disabled and it just prints the path to the files where output would have been printed.

find

  • find is a tool to find given files on a filesystem according to certain criteria.
  • Every option given to find is a predicate. For instance:
    • -type d: will only find directories
    • -exec bash: will load bash and consider the file if the bash invocation returned 0
  • Complex example, which will print out all subdirectories of /var/db/pkg/ that do NOT contain a file named CONTENTS:
find /var/db/pkg/ -type d -exec bash -c '! -e "$1/CONTENTS" ' -- {} \; -print
  • bash is invoked with 4 arguments, -c, then the command string, then -- as $0 and then {} (which corresponds to the canonical file path given by find) as $1.

chroot

  • A mandatory command should be given to chroot; it represents the command that will be executed inside the chroot environment. If you wish to chroot inside a Bash script, you should copy over a script to the new chroot and execute it.

Techniques

  • To rename all the files in a folder to lower case:
for f in $(find -maxdepth 1); do mv -v $f $(echo $f | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'); done